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(08-08-2017) Analgesic Effects of Alcohol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Experimental Studies in Healthy Participants




Trevor Thompson'Correspondence information about the author Trevor ThompsonEmail the author Trevor Thompson, Charlotte Oram, Christoph U. Correll, Stella Tsermentseli, Brendon Stubbs

Highlights
•Meta-analysis of 18 controlled experiments supported analgesic effects of alcohol.
•Alcohol resulted in a small increase in pain threshold.
•A moderate-large decrease in pain ratings was also observed.
•Higher blood alcohol content is associated with greater analgesia.
•Analgesic effects may contribute to alcohol dependence in those with persistent pain.
Abstract
Despite the long-standing belief in the analgesic properties of alcohol, experimental studies have produced mixed results. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify whether alcohol produces a decrease in experimentally-induced pain and to determine the magnitude of any such effect. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase databases were searched from inception until April 21, 2016 for controlled studies examining the effect of quantified dosages of alcohol on pain response to noxious stimulation. Eighteen studies involving 404 participants were identified providing alcohol versus no-alcohol comparisons for 13 tests of pain threshold (n = 212) and 9 tests of pain intensity ratings (n = 192). Random effects meta-analysis of standardized mean difference (SMD) provided robust support for analgesic effects of alcohol. A mean blood alcohol content (BAC) of approximately .08% (3–4 standard drinks) produced a small elevation of pain threshold (SMD [95% CI] = .35 [.17–.54], P = .002), and a moderate to large reduction in pain intensity ratings (SMD [95% CI] = .64 [.37–.91], P < .0001), or equivalently, a mean reduction of 1.25 points on a 0- to 10-point pain rating scale. Furthermore, increasing BAC resulted in increasing analgesia, with each .02% BAC increment producing an increase of SMD = .11 for pain threshold and SMD = .20 for reduced pain intensity. Some evidence of publication bias emerged, but statistical correction methods suggested minimal impact on effect size. Taken together, findings suggest that alcohol is an effective analgesic that delivers clinically-relevant reductions in ratings of pain intensity, which could explain alcohol misuse in those with persistent pain despite its potential consequences for long-term health. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings for clinical pain states.

Perspective
This meta-analysis provides robust evidence for the analgesic properties of alcohol, which could potentially contribute to alcohol misuse in pain patients. Strongest analgesia occurs for alcohol levels exceeding World Health Organization guidelines for low-risk drinking and suggests raising awareness of alternative, less harmful pain interventions to vulnerable patients may be beneficial.

Source: http://www.jpain.org/article/S1526-5900(16)30334-0/fulltext

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