(26-04-13) Are We Over-Diagnosing Mental Illness?

The fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) diagnostic
"bible" – the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) – is
due out in May 2013.

DSM-5 contains an ever-expanding list of mental illnesses, along with detailed
criteria that psychiatrists and other mental health professionals use for
making diagnoses.

But many critics have emerged, including a group of opponents referred to as
the International DSM-5 Response Committee, who are launching a campaign to
block the manual’s release, or at least warn practitioners and patients alike
to take its definitions of mental illness with a serious grain of salt …

Turning Healthy People Into Mental Illness Patients

According to some, the new version of the manual will label healthy people
with a mental condition and make them prime candidates for unnecessary
prescriptions of mind-altering antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs.

At the center of the anti-DSM-5 movement is Dr. Allen Frances, author of
"Saving Normal: An Insider's Revolt Against Out of Control Psychiatric
Diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life."

Dr. Frances actually led the task force that produced the last edition of the
manual, DSM-4, which he now believes has resulted in the over-medicalization
and over-diagnosis of mental illnesses.

Frances told CNN:1

"What motivates me is the experience of having inadvertently contributed to
fads and psycho-diagnosis that have resulted in over-diagnosis and over-
treatment … Some of this happened during DSM IV, even though we were more
conservative with that document than they've been with DSM-5, with its many
changes that are unsupported and, in some cases, quite reckless."

Normal Emotions Classified as Disorders?

The soon-to-be-released DSM-5 contains a myriad of questionable new disorders
that could result in turning virtually anyone experiencing normal human life
challenges and emotions into a patient.

For instance, “somatic symptom disorder” describes a person who has spent six
months or more thinking about and being anxious about their medical issues.
This, Frances explained, would incorrectly apply to about one in four people
with chronic pain or irritable bowel syndrome, he told CNN.

Then there is "Internet use disorder," which will be recommended as an area
that needs further study in DSM-5. Internet use disorder includes many
characteristics of any addiction, such as experiencing withdrawal symptoms when
the object of addiction is taken away, an inability to control its use,
developing a tolerance to it, deceiving family members about its use, and
losing interests in other hobbies.

In this case, of course, the object of abuse is the Internet. By making
Internet addiction a certifiable mental illness, it then becomes treatable by
drugs and billable through insurance companies¯and morphs into a "disorder"
that is likely something that will stigmatize your health records for the rest
of your life.

Millions of Americans, including me, use the Internet on a daily basis, many
for hours on end, so the potential treatment market for "Internet use disorder"
is huge.

Even Grief is a Mental 'Illness'

Also according to DSM-5, you may actually have an "Adjustment Disorder"
related to bereavement if:2

"Following the death of a close family member or close friend, the individual
experiences on more days than not intense yearning or longing for the deceased,
intense sorrow and emotional pain, or preoccupation with the deceased or the
circumstances of the death for at least 12 months (or 6 months for children).
The person may also display difficulty accepting the death, intense anger over
the loss, a diminished sense of self, a feeling that life is empty, or
difficulty planning for the future or engaging in activities or relationships."

These all sound like normal reactions following the death of a loved one, but
the DSM-5 also proposes further study for Persistent Complex Bereavement
Disorder, with the purpose being to "develop the best empirically-based set of
symptoms to characterize individuals with bereavement-related disorders."

Close to 2.5 million Americans die each year, and the number of those
experiencing grief as a result is far higher. This is the market the
pharmaceutical industry stands to gain, thanks to the APA's trigger-happy
attitude when it comes to labeling normal human emotions as psychiatric
"disorders."

Many of the Mental Illnesses in the DSM are Subjective

It's almost impossible to see a psychiatrist today without being diagnosed
with a mental disorder because so many behavior variations are described as
pathology. And you have very high chance – approaching 100% -- of emerging from
your psychiatrist's office with a prescription in hand. Writing a prescription
is, of course, much faster than engaging in behavioral or lifestyle strategies,
but it's also a far more lucrative approach for the conventional model.

What makes this scenario all the more frustrating is the fact that virtually
none of the mental disorders described in the DSM can be objectively measured
by empirical tests.3 In other words, they're completely subjective. Mental
illness symptoms within this manual are arbitrarily assigned by a subjective
voting system by a psychiatric panel. So, they're essentially making up
diseases to fit the drugs—not the other way around. Following are some actual
“diseases” in the DSM:

Do you shop too much? You might have Compulsive Shopping Disorder.
Do you have a difficult time with multiplication? You could be suffering from
Dyscalculia.
Spending too much time at the gym? You'd better see someone for your Bigorexia
or Muscle Dysmorphia.
And my favorite—are your terrified by the number 13? You could have
Triskaidekaphobia!
Neurologists Say ADHD Drugs Should Not be Used as 'Study Drugs'

Adderall, which contains amphetamine (aka "speed") and dextroamphetamine, is a
stimulant drug that is often prescribed to improve attention and focus and
reduce impulsiveness and hyperactivity in patients with ADHD.

But because of its stimulant properties, it's become a black-market drug of
choice for college kids looking to pull all-nighters to boost their grades. An
estimated one in 10 college students abuse Adderall as a way to gain a
competitive edge in their studies, often comparing it to athletes who use
steroids.4 But the pills have a dark side, often quickly leading to addiction
and causing other side effects like mood swings, insomnia, depression and panic
attacks.

College students who use Adderall as a "study drug" acquired from the black
market is a large enough problem on its own, but in some cases physicians
prescribe these drugs to healthy kids for this very same purpose, a trend
sometimes called “pediatric neuroenhancement.” The practice has become so
commonplace that the American Academy of Neurology has released a formal
statement against it, noting:5

“In children and adolescents, neuroenhancement appears to be increasing in
parallel to the rising rates of attention-deficit disorder diagnoses and
stimulant medication prescriptions, and the opportunities for medication
diversion. Pediatric neuroenhancement remains a particularly unsettled and
value-laden practice, often without appropriate goals or justification.

Pediatric neuroenhancement presents its own ethical, social, legal, and
developmental issues, including the fiduciary responsibility of physicians
caring for children, the special integrity of the doctor–child–parent
relationship, the vulnerability of children to various forms of coercion,
distributive justice in school settings, and the moral obligation of physicians
to prevent misuse of medication.… neuroenhancement in legally and
developmentally nonautonomous children and adolescents without a diagnosis of a
neurologic disorder is not justifiable.”

Even if the drugs do give students a competitive edge against their non-
medicated peers, it’s unclear how any physician would consider this worth the
risk. Drugs like Adderall are powerful, mind-altering medications linked to
growth suppression, increased blood pressure and psychotic episodes. In
children, the impacts of their long-term use are completely unknown, although
given the drug's addictive nature, it's quite possible these kids could become
life-long addicts.

5 Tips to Support Your Mental Health

My heart goes out to you if you, or someone you love, is struggling with
mental illness. The solutions offered below will often help you to overcome
your battle in the long run, but in no way are they meant to minimize the
complicated puzzle of mental illness, or the extreme toll it can take on family
units and in some cases extended circles of friends.

Whether you’re facing depression or another mental condition, these strategies
have nothing but positive effects and are generally very inexpensive to
implement. Plus, they can be used for both children and adults alike, and work
great when implemented with your entire family involved.

Exercise – If you have depression, or even if you just feel down from time to
time, exercise is a MUST. The research is overwhelmingly positive in this area,
with studies confirming that physical exercise is at least as good as
antidepressants for helping people who are depressed. One of the primary ways
it does this is by increasing the level of endorphins, the "feel good"
hormones, in your brain.
Address your stress -- Depression is a very serious condition, however it is
not a "disease." Rather, it's a sign that your body and your life are out of
balance. This is so important to remember, because as soon as you start to view
depression as an "illness," you think you need to take a drug to fix it. In
reality, all you need to do is return balance to your life, and one of the key
ways to doing this is addressing stress.
Meditation or yoga can help. Sometimes all you need to do is get outside for a
walk. But in addition to that, I also recommend using a solid support system
composed of friends, family and, if necessary, professional counselors, who can
help you work through your emotional stress. The Emotional Freedom Technique
(EFT) is also often effective.

Eat a healthy diet -- Another factor that cannot be overlooked is your diet.
Foods have an immense impact on your mood and ability to cope and be happy, and
eating whole foods as described in my nutrition plan will best support your
mental health. Avoiding fructose, sugar and grains will help normalize your
insulin and leptin levels, which is another powerful tool in addressing
positive mental health.
Support optimal brain functioning with essential fats -- I also strongly
recommend supplementing your diet with a high-quality, animal-based omega-3
fat, like krill oil. Omega-3 fats are essential for your optimal brain
function, and that includes regulating your mood and fighting depression. In
fact, the evidence has become so compelling that some experts in the field
encourage all mental health professionals to ensure that their patients
suffering from depression have an adequate intake of omega-3 fats.
Get plenty of sunshine – Making sure you're getting enough sunlight exposure
to have healthy vitamin D levels is also a crucial factor in treating
depression or keeping it at bay. Vitamin D deficiency is actually more the norm
than the exception, and has previously been implicated in both psychiatric and
neurological disorders.

www.mercola.com

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Per coloro che hanno problemi di salute si consiglia di consultare sempre il proprio medico curante.