(21-09-15) Ethnic differences in effects of maternal pre-pregnancy and pregnancy adiposity on offspring size and adiposity.

Lin X1, Aris IM2, Tint MT3, Soh SE2,4, Godfrey KM5, Yeo GS6, Kwek K6, Chan JK7, Gluckman PD1,8, Chong YS1,3, Yap F9, Holbrook JD1,10, Lee YS1,2,11; GUSTO study group.
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Abstract
CONTEXT:
Maternal Singapore adiposity and overnutrition, both before and during pregnancy, plays a key role in the subsequent development of obesity and metabolic outcomes in offspring.
OBJECTIVE:
We explored the hypothesis that maternal adiposity (pre-pregnancy and at 26-28 weeks of gestation) and mid-pregnancy gestational weight gain (GWG) are independently associated with offspring size and adiposity in early childhood, and determined if these effects are ethnic-dependent.
DESIGN:
In a prospective mother-offspring cohort study (N=976, 56% Chinese, 26% Malay and 18% Indian), we assessed the associations of offspring size (weight, length) and adiposity (subscapular and triceps skinfolds), measured at birth, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age, with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (ppBMI), mid-pregnancy GWG and mid-pregnancy four-site skinfold thicknesses (triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac).
RESULTS:
ppBMI and mid-pregnancy GWG were independently associated with postnatal weight up to two years and skinfold thickness at birth. Weight, subscapular and triceps skinfolds at birth increased by 2.56% (95% confidence interval, 1.68%-3.45%), 3.85% (2.16%-5.57%) and 2.14% (0.54%-3.75%) respectively, for every standard deviation (SD) increase in ppBMI. Similarly, a one SD increase in GWG increased weight, subscapular and triceps skinfolds at birth by 2.44% (1.66%-3.23%), 3.28% (1.75%-4.84%) and 3.23% (1.65%-4.84%), respectively. ppBMI and mid-pregnancy suprailiac skinfold independently predicted postnatal skinfold adiposity up to two years of age, whilst only GWG predicted postnatal length. The associations of GWG with postnatal weight and length were present only among Chinese and Indians, but not Malays (P<0.05 for interaction).
CONCLUSIONS:
ppBMI and GWG are independent modifiable factors for child size and adiposity up to two years of age. The associations are ethnic-dependent, and underscore the importance of ethnic specific studies before generalizing the applicability of risk factors reported in other populations.


SOURCE: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jul 22:jc20151728. [Epub ahead of print]

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