(26-01-06) Fish, fish oils and long chain omega 3 fatty acids - cardiac benefit and risk

Colquhoun D, Ferreira-Jardim A, Eden B.

University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Background - Fish is a rich source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids (n-3). New findings have been reported regarding the benefits of long chain n-3 on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Recent concerns have also been raised about the potential toxicity of fish from heavy metals, pesticide contamination and microbial infection along with the possibility of ciguatera poisoning. Objective - To undertake a comprehensive review of the cardiac effects of omega 3 consumption and the associated benefits and potential risks associated with fish and fish oil intake. Design - A comprehensive MEDLINE and internet search of clinical and epidemiological research was undertaken on the cardiac and general health benefits associated with the intake of fish, fish oils and n-3 fatty acids-in particular alpha-linolenic (ALA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Similarly, a review was conducted of research concerning the toxicity of methylmercury, dioxin contamination and risk of ciguatera poisoning in fish, along with relative potential benefits and risks associated with consumption of possibly contaminated fish species. Furthermore, the guidelines of Australian, United States, European Union, Japanese, British and WHO statutory bodies and health agencies were synthetically examined and assessed in relation to acceptable mercury and dioxin levels for human consumption. Outcomes - Consistent with the above evaluations, new National Heart Foundation of Australia intake guidelines are proposed for the intake of fish, fish oil and n-3 fatty acids for the general population and for populations at risk of mercury poisoning (e.g. pregnant women). Conclusion - There is a need for a national nutrition survey to assess intake of nutrients, food items and measurement of biomarkers in blood - such as n-3. Marine n-3 fortification of foods is likely to play an increasing role in facilitating an adequate intake of marine n-3 in the general population and as an alternative means of therapeutic intake of marine n-3 for patients with CHD or elevated triglycerides.

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005;14 Suppl:S83.

PMID: 16326570 [PubMed - in process]

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